Programme note
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)
Symphony No 31 in D major, K297 'Paris' (1778)
Allegro assai
Andante
Andante
Allegro
This Symphony dates from Mozart’s extended visit to Paris in the spring and summer of 1778. It was composed for the Concerts Spirituels, the most important of the Parisian concert-giving organisations, and is on the grand scale characteristic of orchestral music in Paris and also in Mannheim, where Mozart had spent the previous winter. The orchestra consists of strings and two each of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets, with timpani. This is the largest band for which Mozart scored a symphony from the outset (the 'Haffner', No 35, has the same instrumentation, but the flute and clarinet parts are later additions). Mozart’s music is correspondingly brilliant, and we know that he consciously set out with this piece to impress and win over the Paris audience.
One way in which he did this was by adopting the convention of the 'premier coup d'archet', the opening attack or 'first stroke of the bow' which was the pride of Parisian music. Mozart’s energetic version of this simple enough device serves to introduce, and later to hold together, an exposition which is long, full of ideas, and remarkable for saying a great many things twice over. For all these reasons, presumably, it is not repeated; instead, the 'coup d'archet' theme whips the movement onwards into the development section, and soon, surprisingly, into the distant key of F major – in which key there is a passage of airy interchange between the violins only loosely based on what has gone before. The recapitulation follows shortly afterwards, and, while it does not imitate the exposition slavishly, turns out to be on every bit as large a scale.
Mozart wrote two slow movements for the 'Paris' Symphony, both in G major, but one in 6/8 time and one in 3/4. According to a letter he wrote to his father after the first performance, he was told by Legros, the director of the Concerts Spirituels, that his original Andante was too long and full of key-changes for the Paris audience. Though he disagreed with this opinion, he obliged with a replacement for a repeat performance in August; and, having written it, decided he liked it better than the first. Most writers on Mozart (with the significant exception of the scholar Alan Tyson) have concluded that the 6/8 movement now usually performed is the earlier of the two: it certainly feels the more ambitious, with its stern interjections in octaves and its telling alternations of major and minor. That means that the movement Mozart ultimately preferred is the one in 3/4, delicately scored with a woodwind section of a single flute, oboe and bassoon. In any case, tonight’s performance offers a rare chance to compare the two.
Having opened his first movement with the traditional 'coup d'archet', Mozart starts his finale softly on violins alone, and lets the full band loose only after eight bars: this reversal of the usual procedure pleased the audience mightily at the first performance, as Mozart knew it would. The movement also contains a formal upset on a larger scale, concerning the second subject, which is introduced in fugal texture. This theme is given intensive treatment in the development section, so much so that it threatens to take over the movement. But Mozart restores the balance by leaving it out of the recapitulation completely, bridging the gap with an unexpected chromatic scale, and then driving onwards to his brilliant conclusion as if nothing had failed to happen.
© Anthony Burton
